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Orthography is a term that refers to the rules that affect the way a language is written down.
The etymology of the word orthography supports its definition, roughly translating 'to write correctly'. The word orthography can be broken down into two Ancient Greek words to create this etymology:
Ὀρθός “orthos” (correct)
γράφειν “graphein” (to write).
Orthographic features are the standard grammatical rules that are followed when writing a language down. The technicalities of the orthographic features of a language depend on the writing system used by the language.
Take road signs, for example. While they are not a language, they can be almost universally understood as they use symbols to communicate general ideas rather than specific meanings. With this understanding of them in mind, it is clear that they don't require certain orthographic features.
The orthographic features of the English language encompass the spelling, punctuation and capitalization of letters within writing, which the next few paragraphs will expand on.
These factors set parameters around the way we read and write. Next, we will go into detail about how these elements work and what happens when orthography isn't used properly.
Spelling is the way that we order the alphabet to form words in a standardised way.
Without a standardised spelling system, it would be hard to communicate through writing as we would have to decipher the meaning of words.
In certain situations, poor spelling can completely alter the meaning of a word; for example with the frequently confused pairings of homophones:
Stationary and stationery
Stationary = still
Stationery = writing and office materials
There are also situations where the meaning may seem similar but in fact there is a difference in word class:
Practice and practice
Practice = the noun
Practise = the verb
Affect and effect
Affect = the verb
Effect = the noun
On the other hand, bad spelling in more formal contexts (ie: a job application, a newspaper article) impacts the way a text is received as gives the impression that little effort has been put in. Misspellings, themselves, can be amusing to readers.
Punctuation is used to break up and organise text. It can be used to show where to pause, where to stop, what kind of utterance is being used (an exclamation, a question, a quotation etc). There are 14 punctuation marks:
Here's a funny example.
With punctuation:
"Let's eat, dad."
Without punctuation:
"Let's eat dad."
Capitalization means putting a capital letter at the start of certain words. There are several reasons why we do this. Most commonly, capitalization is used at the beginning of a sentence, for example:
“There's no denying that the rain was heavy. Water was already beginning to spill from the walls. "
The new capital letter acts as a signpost, indicating the start of a new sentence.
Proper nouns also need to be capitalized in a sentence (no matter where in the sentence they occur). Proper nouns include names of people, places and months, among other things, that don't adopt a modifier in a sentence. An example:
"Jane was looking particularly happy as she walked idly through a field in Dorset."
In this example, both Jane and Dorset are proper nouns, and therefore need to be capitalized even if found at the end of a sentence.
Capital letters are also used at the beginning of quotes.
"He turned to look at me and whispered, "It's not safe out there. Just don't go outside. ””
As the speaker is starting a new sentence, the first word of the spoken part needs to be capitalized.
Most of the words in titles also require capitalization, except conjunctions (words that join phrases together like and, because, etc), articles (words that indicate if a noun is specific or general like a and the) and prepositions (words that show where nouns are in relation to each other, like between, in etc). The words that require capitalization are as follows: the first word of the title, nouns, verbs (no matter how short) and adjectives.
An example of a title could be:
Some Tips on how to Write Titles Properly
Capitalization is important because it impacts the way a piece of writing is received. It may seem quite insulting if someone's name isn't properly capitalized. Alternatively, if there isn't proper capitalization throughout the letter itself it may make it seem that there was minimal effort put into it, suggesting it hadn't been proofread properly.
There are several writing systems:
This is a writing system that uses ideograms (ideograms are pictures and images that exhibit certain ideas and concepts) in order to communicate. Whilst historically there are a few examples of this writing system, they are difficult to translate without a direct communicator between the verbal language and its written form. This is because ideograms are open to interpretation.
Although this type of writing system might be considered dead, it isn't entirely. It is still used in day-to-day life by many individuals in the form of emojis.
Naturally, this writing system lacks most of the orthographic features that we are used to in English. There is no need for certain elements of grammar such as capitalization of letters because there are no letters to capitalize.
This system uses glyphs and symbols to represent entire words or morphemes. That said, there are no purely logographic writing systems. This is because some phonetic symbols are required to create new words when they expand under the influence of phonetic languages.
Some examples of logographic writing systems include, but are not limited to, the Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs or the Ancient Sumerian cuneiforms. Similarly Chinese characters can be considered logographic.
Orthographically speaking, Ancient Egyptian would be a lot easier to write because it didn't have any punctuation as it was written to look beautiful. It doesn't mean all logographic languages don't use punctuation; for example, the various Chinese dialects use very similar punctuation to English. However, the symbols used to display these concepts are different and are deployed both horizontally and vertically.
This type of writing system uses written symbols (graphemes) to represent phonemic sounds (phonemes).
As a result of linguistic development, there are little-to-no languages that are perfectly phonemic. While Middle English was much more phonetic in its spelling than Modern English, ME has discrepancies between spelling and pronunciation, for example:
-Spelt: colonel Pronounced: ker-nel
-Spelt: choir Pronounced: kwy-uhr
Esperanto was conceived by Polish Ophthalmologist LL Zamenhof to be a universal language. It was created without any exceptions to any grammatical rules or pronunciation discrepancies to make it easier to learn. It is an entirely phonemic language, albeit an artificial one.
Phonemic languages use very similar grammar to English as they largely use the Latin alphabet and thus similar rules.
This writing system has a letter for each consonant and vowel.
Writing systems and orthography are very closely intertwined. However, both are distinct terms in regards to language and linguistics.
The rules that affect the way in which a language may be written down.
The specific and standardised grammatical rules that are followed when writing a language down.
Spelling, punctuation and capitalisation.
The message of the piece is undermined by the lack of effort put into proof reading.
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