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Electron Microscopes

Electron microscopes are powerful tools used to study the ultrastructure of biological and non-biological materials. Unlike traditional light microscopes, which use visible light to magnify and image samples, electron microscopes use beams of electrons to create highly detailed images with much higher magnification and resolution.With their ability to reveal the smallest details of cells, molecules, and materials, electron microscopes have…

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Electron Microscopes

Electron Microscopes
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Electron microscopes are powerful tools used to study the ultrastructure of biological and non-biological materials. Unlike traditional light microscopes, which use visible light to magnify and image samples, electron microscopes use beams of electrons to create highly detailed images with much higher magnification and resolution.

With their ability to reveal the smallest details of cells, molecules, and materials, electron microscopes have revolutionized many areas of science and technology, from the study of viruses and bacteria to the development of new materials and electronics.

What is an electron microscope?

An electron microscope is a microscope that illuminates using a beam of accelerated electrons. They are used to study and identify the structures of very small objects. Since the wavelength of light is 100,000 times larger than an electron's wavelength, light microscopes can't be used to identify certain structures.

Electron microscopes, Electron microscope, StudySmarter

An electron microscope

The infrastructure of a variety of biological and inorganic samples is examined using electron microscopes. These samples include cells, biopsy samples, crystals, metals, large molecules, microorganisms, etc.

Electron microscopes are used to create electron micrographs by capturing pictures with special digital cameras and frame grabbers.

The history of the electron microscope

The first prototype of an electron microscope (which was the first practical demonstration of how an electron microscope works) was developed by Ernst Ruska in 1931. Later in the same year, Reinhold Rudenberg obtained a patent for the electron microscope.

While the first images from a prototype electron microscope were achieved in 1932 by Ernst Ruska, using the concepts of Rudenberg's patent, the first electron microscope that with greater resolution than an optical microscope was built by Ernst Ruska in 1933.

The first commercial electron microscope, however, was produced by Siemens in 1938. Reinhold Rudenberg was the scientific director at that time.

Even though electron microscopes used today are able to create two million power magnification (a microscope's capacity to generate a picture of an item at a scale that is greater or smaller than its real size), the technology remains based on Ernst Ruska's prototype.

What are the types of electron microscope?

There are two types of electron microscopes currently used today, the transmission electron microscope and the scanning electron microscope. They both have their advantages and areas of use.

The transmission electron microscope (TEM)

The transmission electron microscope (TEM) is the first original form of the electron microscope. It creates a picture by illuminating the specimen with a high-voltage electron beam and is used in a variety of fields such as nanotechnology, medical, forensic analysis, industry, education, etc.

Let's see how a transmission electron microscope works step by step.

Electron microscopes, How does transmission electron microscope work, StudySmarter

A representative image of how a transmission electron microscope works, Tezcan - StudySmarter Originals
  1. A high voltage electricity source gives power to the cathode of the microscope.
  2. The cathode works similar to an electron gun in cathode-rays and consists of a heated filament. It creates a beam of electrons that finds its way in the microscope just like light does in optical microscopes.
  3. The first lens, which is an electromagnetic coil, converts the electrons into a more powerful beam by concentration.
  4. The second lens helps the beam to focus on a particular area of the specimen.
  5. The specimen is placed on a copper grid in the microscope tube. When the electron beam passes through it, it picks up an image of the specimen.
  6. The third lens helps magnify the image.
  7. When the electron beam reaches a fluorescent screen at the machine's base, the image appears.
  8. The image can be seen through binoculars at the side or a monitor connected to an image intensifier.

The scanning electron microscope (SEM)

The scanning electron microscope (SEM) probes the specimen with a concentrated electron beam that is scanned across a rectangular region of the specimen to obtain images, and is used in quality control, failure analysis, and materials science for research.

Let's see how a scanning electron microscope works step by step.

Electron microscopes, How does scanning electron microscope work, StudySmarter

A representative image of how a scanning electron microscope works
  1. Electrons are sent into the microscope tube.
  2. The tube of the microscope is held in a sealed vacuum chamber, since particular electron beams can't travel well through the air.
  3. The anode pulls electrons towards itself and converts them into an energetic beam of electrons.
  4. An electromagnetic coil acts similarly to a lens and focuses the beam to a precise region.
  5. The electron beam is steered from side to side by a lower coil.
  6. The beam spreads across the object in a controlled manner.
  7. The electrons in the electron beam impact the object and are reflected from the surface of the object.
  8. A detector detects the reflected electrons and turns them into an image.
  9. The image of the object can be viewed on a monitor.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of electron microscopes?

You have learned about some of the advantages of electron microscopes, such as magnification and higher resolution, but there are also some disadvantages.

Advantages of electron microscopes

There are several advantages of electron microscopes compared with optical microscopes.

  • Electron microscopes allow us to analyse small structures that can't be analysed with optical microscopes. This is because the wavelength of electrons is 100,000 times smaller than the wavelength of light and the resolution we can get using electron microscopes is in the range of up to 0.2 nm.
  • Electron microscopes have a wide range of applications, in industry, biomedical science, and for analysing microorganisms, cells, etc.
  • Electron microscopes can produce high-resolution images when used correctly allowing us to see complex structures that other microscopes may not provide.

Disadvantages of electron microscopes

There are also some disadvantages of using electron microscopes:

  • Electron microscopes can only produce black and white images.
  • Electron microscopes are usually expensive.
  • Even though the technology is improving, electron microscopes are still larger in size compared to other microscopes.
  • Since the electron microscope requires the samples to be analysed in a vacuum in order to avoid electrons scattering in the air by coming up against other molecules, living specimens can't be analysed using electron microscopes.

Electron Microscopes - Key takeaways

  • An electron microscope is a microscope that illuminates specimens with a beam of accelerated electrons. They are used to identify structures of very small objects.
  • The infrastructure of a variety of biological and inorganic samples is examined using electron microscopes. These samples include cells, biopsy samples, crystals, metals, large molecules, microorganisms ...
  • There are two types of electron microscopes, the transmission electron microscope and the scanning electron microscope.
  • Since the wavelength of light is 100,000 times larger than an electron's wavelength, optical microscopes can't be used to identify certain structures that can be analysed with electron microscopes.
  • Since the electron microscope requires the samples to be analysed in a vacuum in order to avoid electrons scattering in the air by coming up against other molecules, living specimens can't be analysed using electron microscopes.

Frequently Asked Questions about Electron Microscopes

Ernst Ruska invented the electron microscope.

An electron microscope is an electron-optical apparatus that uses a beam of electrons to magnify the image of an object.

Electron microscopes are used in a wide variety of applications such as examining the ultrastructure of a variety of biological and inorganic samples, nanotechnology, medical, industry, education, quality control, failure analysis, and materials science for research.

Final Electron Microscopes Quiz

Electron Microscopes Quiz - Teste dein Wissen

Question

Which of the following describes the wavelength of an electron's wavelength ratio to the wavelength of light?

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Answer

It is 100,000 times smaller.

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Question

Which of the following is not one of the advantages of using electron microscopes?

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Answer

 They can create coloured images.

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Question

Which of the following is not one of the disadvantages of using electron microscopes?


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Answer

They can't produce high-resolution images.

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Question

What is the purpose of the first lens in transmission electron microscopes?


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Answer

To convert electrons into a more powerful beam.

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Question

What is the purpose of the lower coil in scanning electron microscopes?


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Answer

To steer the electron beam from side to side.

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Question

Who invented the first prototype of electron microscopes?


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Answer

Ernst Ruska.

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Question

When was the first electron microscope invented?


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Answer

1931.

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Question

What are the two types of electron microscope?


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Answer

The transmission electron microscope and the scanning electron microscope.

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Can electron microscopes provide images in colour?


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Answer

No they can't.

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Question

 Can electron microscopes be used to analyse living specimens?


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Answer

 No.

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Question

Why can't electron microscopes analyse live specimens?


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Answer

Because electron microscopes have to analyze in a vacuum.

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Question

The resolution we can get using electron microscopes is in the range of up to which of the following (fill in the blank)?


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Answer

 2.2 [nm]

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Can electron microscopes create electron micrographs?


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Answer

Yes.

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Question

In transmission electron microscopes, what does the cathode consist of in order to create a beam of electrons?


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Answer

Heated filament.

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Question

Can images created with electron microscopes be viewed through a monitor?


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Answer

Yes.

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