Deprivation Privation and Separation

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Maybe, when you were younger, you got lost from your parents; this probably caused you to be distressed. Maybe, you cried, screamed, shouted or ran around looking for them. When an attachment has been formed, a child will be affected by the absence of their caregiver. But how and to what degree does this separation impact the child? What if an attachment was never formed in the first place? We will answer these questions by discussing the differences between deprivation, privation, and separation.

First, we’ll understand the definition of deprivation of attachment in psychology.
What is the difference between separation and deprivation?
As we continue, we’ll dive deeper into the meaning of separation in psychology.
We’ll form a better idea of the effects of maternal deprivation.
Finally, let’s look at Bowlby’s attachment theory on maternal deprivation.

Deprivation of Attachment Definition Psychology

In caregiver and child relationships, attachment is a two-way emotional bond strengthened through reciprocal interactions. A disruption to attachment is when a child-caregiver attachment is broken, either temporarily or permanently.

Attachment is an emotional bond felt towards another person that provides security and closeness.

A disruption to attachment can damage a child’s emotional and behavioural development. However, the effects on the child can vary depending on the nature of the disruption to the attachment.

Generally, the more severe the disruption, the more damage it can cause to the child.

In severe cases of deprivation, the bond may be destroyed altogether; this can cause permanent or long-term social and emotional damage to the child.

Deprivation is when a child’s attachment to its mother or other caregiver is significantly broken due to no or poor quality care being given to the child.

It is a period long enough for the bond between the child and caregiver to be seriously damaged.

A child’s mother (the primary caregiver) falls ill and has to be hospitalised for a minimum of six months; this may cause the child to suffer from deprivation due to the loss of care.

The attachment between the child and their mother may be seriously damaged or even broken. But, this depends on the length of time the child is deprived of care.

Deprivation Privation and Separation Mother hugging daughter StudySmarter Fig. 1 - Mother and Daughter. Deprivation, privation, and separation can affect the mother-daughter attachment.

Difference Between Separation and Deprivation

It’s important to understand the difference between separation and deprivation.

Separation is when the caregiver is temporarily absent from the child for a short time.

Separation is unlike deprivation because the caregiver’s absence occurs long enough for the attachment to be severely damaged or broken completely.

Unless separation occurs regularly, it is unlikely that the child will suffer from social and emotional damage, and the attachment can still be repaired.

A child is left with their grandparents for a week whilst their parents attend a wedding in another city. In this case, the child is unlikely to suffer from permanent or long-term damage unless they are frequently separated from their parents.

Difference Between Deprivation and Privation

What about the difference between deprivation and privation? Deprivation occurs when an attachment that’s already been formed has been broken, but what about if the attachment never formed at all?

Privation is the complete absence of something desired or needed.

Several researchers have researched the effects of privation and found that they may be both reversible and irreversible.

Irreversible Privation

Take Curtiss (1977) and the study of Genie, for example. In 1970, a girl named Genie (an alias) was found at 13 in Los Angeles, USA, by welfare officers who discovered that she had been abused her whole life. She had been tied to a potty chair in a small, silent room, and a straitjacket restricted her movement since she was a toddler.

Her physical condition resembled that of a 6- or 7-year-old as she was underweight. She could not fully extend her limbs or focus her eyes, and she had nearly double the number of teeth. She could not control her bowel movements as she was never potty trained and continued wearing ‘nappies’ at 13. She was stated to be a feral (wild) child.

After she was found, she showed signs of progress as she learned to play, dress and draw sketches of what she wanted. She learned to speak a few words. However, she could not form full sentences or grasp grammar.

Curtis, who documented Genie’s progress, said that she was past the crucial age of learning to form sentences, which is between the ages of five and ten.

Genie’s is an extreme case of privation and suggests that children facing severe abuse, neglect or social isolation may have permanent and severe developmental damage.

Reversible Privation

In cases such as Genie’s, the effects of privation are likely irreversible. However, other researchers have found that, in some cases, privation could be reversed.

Koluchova (1976) studied a pair of identical twin boys from Czechoslovakia who experienced similar mistreatment as Genie. However, after these boys were adopted and cared for well by two sisters, the detrimental effects of privation were reversed, and they grew into healthy adults with a job and relationships.

Another study showing the reversibility and irreversibility of privation was Rutter (1998). It was found that children adopted under the age of 6 months had a better chance of reversing the physical, psychological, and cognitive effects of privation than children over the age of 6 months.

Separation: Psychology

Robertson and Bowlby suggested that the effects of short-term separation may be the same as the effects of deprivation despite the difference in the scenarios. They found that short-term separation can result in long-lasting emotional damage. They suggested that children follow the protest-despair-detachment (PDD) model.

The study aimed to investigate the effects of short-term separation on children. Robertson and Bowlby observed children aged 1-4 years old in residential nurseries and filmed their responses when separated for a short period from their primary caregivers.

The experiment was conducted in a naturalistic environment.

They found that children went through the following three stages when separated from their caregivers.

Stages of Separation	Description
Stage One: Protest	Immediate reactions involved crying, kicking, screaming, and attempting to stop the caregiver from leaving. Some rejected comfort and attention from other caregivers (such as the nursery staff), whilst others clung to it. Depending on the separation length, this stage lasted for a few hours or a few weeks.
Stage Two: Despair	Children displayed signs of acceptance of the situation or helplessness. They appeared to be in mourning. They comforted themselves through thumb-sucking or rocking and withdrew interest in their surroundings or other people. Individual attachment styles were assessed using the Strange Situation classifications, which showed how much despair the child experienced.
Stage Three: Detachment	Children began engaging with others and appeared sociable. When the caregivers returned, the children showed indifference or anger at the caregiver for leaving. This suggests children may have been masking their feelings with outward sociability.

The Strange Situation procedure was an experiment conducted by Mary Ainsworth in 1978. She found three main attachment styles in children; secure, insecure-avoidant, and insecure-resistant.

Bowlby noticed that the effects of the short-term separation lasted for several months after the separation ended and even resulted in separation anxiety. Separation anxiety is the fear of being separated from the caregiver in the future.

He also stated that children between seven months and three years were the most susceptible to experiencing long-lasting effects of separation.

Short-term separations can have long-lasting negative effects similar to those of deprivation. According to Bowlby’s maternal deprivation hypothesis, this can cause long-term social and emotional damage to the child.

Short-term separation doesn’t always lead to social and emotional problems. Research by Clarke and Clarke (1976) shows that children subject to severe deprivation could recover.

Maternal Deprivation

Before John Bowlby proposed his attachment theory, he discussed maternal deprivation’s effects on children’s long-term development. His maternal deprivation hypothesis states that if the attachment bond between mother and child is significantly disrupted (maternal deprivation), the child may suffer from the following:

Lower intelligence levels
Increased aggression
Depression
Delinquency

Bowlby believed the effects of maternal deprivation on social, emotional and intellectual development were long-lasting. He also stated that children who suffered detrimental effects from maternal deprivation are more likely to commit offences and develop affectionless psychopathy.

Affectionless psychopathy is the inability on the part of an individual to experience guilt for their actions or empathy for others.

This can cause a higher likelihood of committing crimes and can hinder the formation of healthy relationships with others.

Bowlby suggested continuous care from a mother, or another primary caregiver was essential to avoid any damage caused by disruption to the attachment.

Bowlby’s Attachment Theory: Maternal deprivation

Let’s look deeper at Bowlby’s attachment theory on maternal deprivation and how he first discovered it in his research. Bowlby aimed to test the maternal deprivation hypothesis by investigating the link between maternal deprivation and criminal behaviour.

Forty-four teenagers were accused of stealing, and the teenagers’ families were interviewed.

Through the interviews, Bowlby established whether the teenagers had been separated from their mothers during childhood. Bowlby also tested the teenagers for affectionless psychopathy.

A control group was set up with 44 non-criminal but emotionally damaged teenagers. They were interviewed using the same procedure as in the main group. The two groups were compared to see if there was any correlation between maternal deprivation and emotional development.

Results of Bowlby’s Study

Bowlby’s findings were as follows:

Of the 44 teenagers in the main group (accused of stealing), 14 could be described as affectionless psychopaths.

Of the 14 affectionless psychopaths, 12 had experienced maternal deprivation in the first two years of their lives.

None of the 44 in the control group (not accused of stealing) had characteristics of affectionless psychopaths. Only two of the 44 in the control group were maternally deprived.

Deprivation Privation and Separation Bowlby study 44 thieves findings StudySmarter

Fig. 2 - Diagram of Bowlby’s Findings. Bowlby’s study of 44 thieves showed the possible effects of deprivation.

Bowlby concluded that early maternal deprivation caused affectionless psychopathy, leading to crime. The conclusion supports the maternal deprivation hypothesis, showing that deprivation can cause long-term and serious damage to social and emotional development.

The findings of the 44 thieves study may have been influenced by experimenter bias as it was Bowlby himself interviewing the teenagers. He may have been interested in proving his maternal deprivation hypothesis correct, possibly affecting the validity of his findings.

Criticism of Bowlby’s Attachment Theory

Many researchers thought Bowlby made some important observations in his studies; however, some criticised Bowlby for potentially confusing privation for deprivation.

Deprivation Privation and Separation - Key takeaways

Deprivation, or disruption to attachment, can damage a child’s emotional and behavioural development.
Bowlby’s maternal deprivation hypothesis and study of the 44 thieves suggest that deprivation can cause long-term and serious damage to social and emotional development.
The study of Genie suggests that the effects of privation are irreversible. However, the study of the Czech twins suggests that it is possible to recover fully from privation.
Robertson and Bowlby (1952) suggested that the effects of short-term separation may be the same as the effects of deprivation. They developed the protest-despair-detachment (PDD) model.

Frequently Asked Questions about Deprivation Privation and Separation

The maternal deprivation and attachment theory states that if the attachment bond between mother and child is significantly disrupted (maternal deprivation), the child may suffer from the following:

Lower intelligence levels.
Increased aggression.
Depression.
Delinquency.

Deprivation is where a child's attachment to their mother or other caregiver has been significantly broken due to no care given to the child during that time. Privation is when a child has never formed a bond or attachment with their mother or caregiver.

A child’s mother (the primary caregiver) falls ill and has to be hospitalised for a minimum of six months. This may cause the child to suffer from deprivation due to the loss of care during this time.

Separation in psychology is where the caregiver is temporarily absent from the child for a short period.

John Bowlby's theory of attachment states that the effects of maternal deprivation on social, emotional and intellectual development were long-lasting. He also proposed that children who suffer from maternal deprivation are more likely to commit offences and develop affectionless psychopathy.

Final Deprivation Privation and Separation Quiz

Deprivation Privation and Separation Quiz - Teste dein Wissen

Question

When was the maternal deprivation theory proposed?

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In 1953.

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Who proposed the maternal deprivation theory?

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John Bowlby.

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What is deprivation?

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Deprivation refers to when a child loses their primary caregiver, which disrupts their attachment to them.

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What is separation?

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When mother and child are separated for a short period.

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What is privation?

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When a child never has the opportunity to form an attachment with their mother.

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What is an example of deprivation?

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An example of long term deprivation could be when a child is placed into foster care during the critical period, permanently disrupting their attachment to their mother.

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What is an example of privation?

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An example of privation could be a child placed into the care system almost immediately after birth. As a result, they did not have enough time to attach to their mother and, due to the nature of foster homes, are unable to attach to any of the rotating staff members.

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What is an example of separation?

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An example of separation could be if the mother goes on a weekend away and leaves their baby with her grandparents.

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What is affectionless psychopathy?

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It is the inability to experience guilt or empathy for others. Affectionless psychopathy prevents the person from developing normal relationships and is associated with criminality.

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What are the three levels of distress in the PDD Model?

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Protest, Despair, Detachment.

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What was found in the 1947 study by Goldfarb?

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Children who had spent over three years in foster care had a lower IQ, and showed more social immaturity and aggression than children who had spent less than three years in the system.

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Why is the 44 thieves study subject to experimenter bias?

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Since Bowlby himself was conducting the interviews and likely had a vested interest in proving his theory correct, this bias affects the validity of the study.

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What was measured in the 44 thieves study?

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IQ, emotional attitudes to testing, affectionless psychopathy.

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What was found in the 44 thieves study?

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Bowlby found that 14 of the 44 thieves could be affectionless psychopaths. He concluded that prolonged early separation/deprivation caused affectionless psychopathy.

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Does the case study by Kolochova support or refute Bowlby’s idea that maternal deprivation causes affectionless psychopathy?

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Support.

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What is a disruption to attachment?

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A disruption to attachment is a scenario where an attachment between a child and a caregiver is broken, either temporarily or permanently. Deprivation, privation, and separation are disruptions to attachment.

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What is deprivation?

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Deprivation is where a child's attachment from their mother or other caregiver has been significantly broken due to no care given to the child during that time. It is a period long enough for the bond between the child and caregiver to be seriously damaged or even broken altogether. Deprivation can cause permanent or long-term social and emotional damage to the child.

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What is privation?

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Privation is where a child has never formed a bond or attachment with their mother or any caregiver. Usually, this is because the child has never had a chance to do so.

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What is separation?

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Separation is where the caregiver is temporarily absent from the child for a short period of time. Unless separation occurs regularly, it is unlikely that the child will suffer from social and emotional damage.

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What is affectionless psychopathy and which theory does it come from?

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Affectionless psychopathy is the inability on the part of an individual to experience guilt for their actions or empathy for others. This can cause a higher likelihood of committing crimes and can hinder the formation of healthy relationships with others. This comes from Bowlby's theory of maternal deprivation, which states that if the attachment bond between the mother and child is significantly disrupted, the child could suffer from permanent and irreversible damage to social, emotional and intellectual development.

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In Bowlby's study of the 44 thieves, what were the findings of the teenagers in the main group?

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Bowlby found that out of the 44 teenagers accused of stealing, 14 were affectionless psychopaths. Out of the 14, 12 had experienced maternal deprivation in the first two years of their lives.

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What was the conclusion of Bowlby's 44 thieves study?

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Bowlby concluded that early maternal deprivation caused affectionless psychopathy, which led to crime. The conclusion supports the maternal deprivation hypothesis as it shows that deprivation can cause long-term and serious damage to social and emotional development.

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What kind of bias do the findings of the 44 thieves study display? Hint: Bowlby interviewed all 'thieves' himself!

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The findings of the study show experimenter bias as Bowlby interviewed the 'thief' teenagers himself. He had an interest in proving his maternal deprivation hypothesis correct.

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What does the case study of Genie suggest about the effects of privation?

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Genie's extreme case of privation suggests that children facing severe conditions of abuse, neglect or social isolation may experience permanent and serious damage to development. In cases such as Genie's, it is likely that the effects of privation are irreversible.

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What does the case study of the Czech twins suggest about the effects of privation?

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The study of the Czech twins suggests it is possible to reverse the effects of privation and to achieve long-term developmental recovery.

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Which factors are likely to be responsible for the differences between the recoveries of Genie and the Czech twins from privation?

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The twins were discovered at an earlier age, had each other for support, did not seem to have any brain damage, and received good quality care after being adopted into a stable home environment. Contrastingly, Genie was discovered at a later age, grew up alone, may have been born with brain damage, and had poor quality and unstable care.

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Name two issues with using case studies to research privation.

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One issue is that case studies are not generalizable as the conditions of each case study are unique. It is difficult to make generalizations about privation and recovery. Another issue is that there are major ethical concerns in researching the effects of privation, as psychologists must balance between safeguarding the victim and carrying out adequate research.

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What link did Robertson and Bowlby (1952) make between separation and deprivation?

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Robertson and Bowlby suggested that the effects of short-term separation may be the same as the effects of deprivation despite the differences in the scenarios.

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What is the PDD model?

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The PDD model is the process that children go through when experiencing short-term separation, according to Robertson and Bowlby (1952). The PDD model stands for protest-despair-detachment.

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What did James and Joyce Robertson find between 1967 and 1976?

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James and Joyce Robertson found that the PDD model was not the default response from children experiencing separation if the quality of care during the separation was good.

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What is attachment?

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Attachment is an emotional bond felt towards another person which provides feelings of security and closeness.

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A child’s mother (the primary caregiver) falls ill and has to be hospitalized for a minimum of six months. How could this scenario affect the attachment between the mother and the child?

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The attachment between the child and its mother may be seriously damaged or even broken, resulting in deprivation.

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Which of these is not typically associated with long-term damage to the child?

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Deprivation

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What is the difference between separation and deprivation?

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Deprivation occurs when the caregiver is absent over a longer period of time, resulting in the disruption of attachment. Separation only refers to an absence of a caregiver, over a short-period of time and doesn't damage the bond permanently.

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What is Bowlby's maternal deprivation hypothesis?

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Bowlby's maternal deprivation hypothesis states that if the attachment bond between mother and child is significantly disrupted, the child may suffer from:

Lower intelligence levels.
Increased aggression.
Depression.
Delinquency.

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According to Bowlby's theory, the effects of maternal deprivation are significant but reversible.

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True

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What was the aim of Bowlby’s study of 44 thieves?

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Bowlby aimed to test the maternal deprivation hypothesis by investigating the link between maternal deprivation and criminal behaviour.

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What method did Bowlby use in his study of 44 thieves?

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Interviews

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What was the control group in Bowlby's study of 44 thieves?

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The control group was set up with 44 non-criminal but emotionally damaged teenagers.

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Most of the criminals in the Bowlby's study of 44 thieves could be described as psychopaths.

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True

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Why could the findings of the 44 thieves study be influenced by experimenter bias?

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It was Bowlby himself interviewing the teenagers. He may have had an interest in proving his maternal deprivation hypothesis correct.

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The findings of the 44 thieves study were causational.

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True

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Why is the population validity low in the 44 thieves study?

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The participants of the study were taken from one London clinic in the 1940s.

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What does low population validity mean for the findings of Bowlby's study?

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Having a low population validity means a finding cannot be applied to the general population as a whole.

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What was the aim of the Robertson and Bowlby (1952) study?

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The study aimed to investigate the effects of short-term separation on children.

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What procedure of used in the Robertson and Bowlby (1952) study?

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Robertson and Bowlby observed children aged 1-4 years old in residential nurseries and filmed their responses when separated for a short period of time from their primary caregivers.

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The Robertson and Bowlby (1952) was conducted in ___________ environment.

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a laboratory.

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What reactions are common for the despair stage of the PDD model?

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Helplessness and withdrawal.

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What were the three attachment styles found by Mary Ainsworth?

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Secure attachment, insecure-avoidant, and insecure-resistant attachment.

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What does the theory of maternal deprivation state?

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The theory states that separation from the mother in early childhood can have harmful long-term effects on the child’s psychological and social development.

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Deprivation Privation and Separation

Deprivation Privation and Separation

Deprivation Privation and Separation

Deprivation of Attachment Definition Psychology

Difference Between Separation and Deprivation

Difference Between Deprivation and Privation

Irreversible Privation

Reversible Privation

Separation: Psychology

Maternal Deprivation

Bowlby’s Attachment Theory: Maternal deprivation

Results of Bowlby’s Study

Criticism of Bowlby’s Attachment Theory

Deprivation Privation and Separation - Key takeaways

Frequently Asked Questions about Deprivation Privation and Separation

What is maternal deprivation and attachment theory?

What is deprivation and privation?

What is an example of deprivation theory?

What is separation in psychology?

What is John Bowlby's theory of attachment?

Final Deprivation Privation and Separation Quiz

Deprivation Privation and Separation Quiz - Teste dein Wissen

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