Book edition 1st Edition

Author(s) Paul Peter Urone

Pages 1272 pages

ISBN 9781938168000

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Short Answer

(a) What is the intensity in W/m² of a laser beam used to burn away cancerous tissue that, when 90.0% absorbed, puts 500 J of energy into a circular spot 2.00 mm in diameter in 4.00 s?
(b) Discuss how this intensity compares to the average intensity of sunlight (about 700 W/m²) and the implications that would have if the laser beam entered your eye. Note how your answer depends on the time duration of the exposure.

(a) The intensity of a laser beam is \(4.4 \times {10^7}\;{\rm{W/}}{{\rm{m}}^{\rm{2}}}\).

(b) The intensity of the laser beam is \(6.32 \times {10^4}\)times that the intensity of the sunlight.

The laser beam can damage the eye in some seconds.

See the step by step solution

Step by Step Solution

TABLE OF CONTENTS :

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Step 1: Identification of the given data

The given data can be listed below as:

The intensity absorbed is 90.0 %.
The energy has been put is E = 500 J.
The diameter of the circular spot is \({\rm{d}} = 2.00\;{\rm{mm}} \times \left( {\frac{{{\rm{1}}{{\rm{0}}^{{\rm{ - 3}}}}\;{\rm{m}}}}{{{\rm{1}}\;{\rm{mm}}}}} \right) = {\rm{2}} \times {\rm{1}}{{\rm{0}}^{{\rm{ - 3}}}}\;{\rm{m}}\).
The time taken to put the energy is t = 4.00 s.
The average intensity of the sunlight is \({{\rm{I}}_{\rm{1}}} = 700\;{\rm{W/}}{{\rm{m}}^{\rm{2}}}\).

Step 2: Significance of the intensity

The intensity is referred to as the power that is transmitted per unit area of an object. The SI unit of intensity is watt per square meter.

Step 3: (a) Determination of the intensity of the laser beam

The equation of intensity is expressed as:

\({\rm{I}} = \frac{{\rm{P}}}{{{\rm{\pi }}{{\left( {\frac{{\rm{d}}}{{\rm{2}}}} \right)}^{\rm{2}}}}}\) (1)

Here, \({\rm{I}}\) is the intensity, \({\rm{P}}\) is the rate of the consumption of energy, and \({\rm{d}}\) is the diameter of the circular spot.

The equation of the rate of the consumption of energy is expressed as:

\({\rm{P}} = \frac{{\rm{E}}}{{\rm{t}}}\)

Here, \({\rm{E}}\) is the energy has been put and \({\rm{t}}\) is the time taken to put the energy.

Let the intensity of the laser beam is \({\rm{I}}\) and as the intensity absorbed is \(90.0\% \), then the intensity of the laser beam will be \({\rm{I}} \times \frac{{90}}{{100}} = 0.{\rm{9I}}\).

Substitute 0.9I for I and \(\frac{{\rm{E}}}{{\rm{t}}}\) for P in the above equation.

\(\begin{aligned}{}{\rm{0}}{\rm{.9I}} &= \frac{{\rm{E}}}{{{\rm{\pi }}{{\left( {\frac{{\rm{d}}}{{\rm{2}}}} \right)}^{\rm{2}}}{\rm{t}}}}\\{\rm{I}} &= \frac{{\rm{E}}}{{{\rm{0}}{\rm{.9\pi }}{{\left( {\frac{{\rm{d}}}{{\rm{2}}}} \right)}^{\rm{2}}}{\rm{t}}}}\end{aligned}\)

Substitute the values in the above equation.

\(\begin{aligned}{\rm{}} &= \frac{{500\;{\rm{J}}}}{{0.9\left( {3.14} \right){{\left( {\frac{{{\rm{2 \times 1}}{{\rm{0}}^{{\rm{ - 3}}}}\;{\rm{m}}}}{2}} \right)}^2}\left( {4.00\;{\rm{s}}} \right)}}\\ &= \frac{{500\;{\rm{J}}}}{{\left( {{\rm{1}}{{\rm{0}}^{{\rm{ - 6}}}}\;{{\rm{m}}^2}} \right)\left( {11.304\;{\rm{s}}} \right)}}\\ &= \frac{{500\;{\rm{J}}}}{{\left( {11.304{\rm{ \times 1}}{{\rm{0}}^{{\rm{ - 6}}}}\;{{\rm{m}}^{\rm{2}}} \cdot {\rm{s}}} \right)}}\\ &= 4.4 \times {10^7}\;{\rm{J/}}{{\rm{m}}^{\rm{2}}} \cdot {\rm{s}}\end{aligned}\)

Hence, further as:

\(\begin{aligned}{\rm{I}} &= 4.4 \times {10^7}\;{\rm{J/}}{{\rm{m}}^{\rm{2}}} \cdot {\rm{s}}\\ &= 4.4 \times {10^7}\;{\rm{J/}}{{\rm{m}}^{\rm{2}}} \cdot {\rm{s}} \times \frac{{1\;{\rm{W}}}}{{1\;{\rm{J/s}}}}\\ &= 4.4 \times {10^7}\;{\rm{W/}}{{\rm{m}}^{\rm{2}}}\end{aligned}\)

Thus, the intensity of a laser beam is \(4.4 \times {10^7}\;{\rm{W/}}{{\rm{m}}^{\rm{2}}}\).

Step 4: (b) Determination of the comparison of the intensity of the laser beam with the sunlight

The equation of the ratio of the intensity of the laser beam to the sunlight is expressed as:

\({\rm{r}} = \frac{{\rm{I}}}{{{{\rm{I}}_{\rm{1}}}}}\)

Here, \({\rm{r}}\) is the ratio of the intensity of the laser beam to the sunlight and \({{\rm{I}}_{\rm{1}}}\) is the average intensity of the sunlight.

Substitute the values in the above equation.

\(\begin{aligned}{\rm{r}} &= \frac{{4.4 \times {{10}^7}\;{\rm{W/}}{{\rm{m}}^{\rm{2}}}}}{{700\;{\rm{W/}}{{\rm{m}}^{\rm{2}}}}}\\ &= 6.32 \times {10^4}\end{aligned}\)

Thus, the intensity of the laser beam is \(6.32 \times {10^4}\)times that of the intensity of the sunlight.

Step 5: (b) Determination of the implications

As the intensity of the laser beam is very high, in only some seconds, it can severely damage the eye.

Thus, the laser beam can damage the eye in some seconds.

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College Physics (Urone)

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Short Answer

Step by Step Solution

Step 1: Identification of the given data

Step 2: Significance of the intensity

Step 3: (a) Determination of the intensity of the laser beam

Step 4: (b) Determination of the comparison of the intensity of the laser beam with the sunlight

Step 5: (b) Determination of the implications

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College Physics (Urone)

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Short Answer

Step by Step Solution

Step 1: Identification of the given data

Step 2: Significance of the intensity

Step 3: (a) Determination of the intensity of the laser beam

Step 4: (b) Determination of the comparison of the intensity of the laser beam with the sunlight

Step 5: (b) Determination of the implications

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